Together, three types of bacteria account for over 90 percent of bacterial meningitis: H. influenza type b, meningococcus, and pneumococcus.
These bacteria are transmitted by person-to-person contact through respiratory secretions. Many people carry these bacteria with no serious consequence. (Pneumococcus, for instance, is the most common cause of ear infections.) A few people get very sick. Pneumococcus causes meningitis in about 3 per 100,000 people. (Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Saunders 1998)
Sudden onset meningitis features shock, internal bleeding, purple spots, and reduced consciousness at the very outset, with a rapidly progressive course often resulting in death within 24 hours.
More commonly, meningitis begins with several days of upper respiratory symptoms or gastrointestinal symptoms. Most children have high fevers, severe headaches, and poor feeding. They may also have muscle aches, nasal congestion, vomiting, neck stiffness, and seizures.
Children with meningitis become increasingly irritable and/or lethargic. The presence of petechiae (purple spots that indicate internal bleeding) is a sign that the infection may be raging out of control.
Pneumococcal meningitis is a devastating disease. Of all causes of meningitis, it is the most likely to have a negative outcome (Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, May 1993). The overuse of antibiotics is resulting in increasingly resistant strains of pneumococcus every month.
In 1991, a vaccine against the H. influenzae Type b (HIB) bacteria was incorporated into the routine immunization schedule beginning at 2 months of age. The amount of meningitis plummeted. Arkansas Children's Hospital had about 27 cases of HIB meningitis per year in the 1980's before the vaccine was used. By 1993, the number had dropped to only 1.7 per year (Southern Medical Journal, Jan 1994). During the same period the number of cases dropped by 95 percent in the United States as a whole (Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Saunders 1998).
The new pneumococcal vaccine for infants is now FDA approved and recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for all children less than 2 years of age. Vaccination of children between 2 and 5 years of age may also be considered on an individual basis. In large clinical studies, the vaccine has been shown to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal infection (i.e. meningitis and blood infections) by more than 93%. It has also been shown to decrease the risk of pneumonia and otitis media (ear infections). More information about the vaccine can be found at www.cdc.gov/.
Choosing organic foods can make a big difference for our children. Industrial agriculture techniques are relatively recent innovations. When my parents were young, the bulk of our food supply was not grown with antibiotics, hormones, or chemical pesticides. Their use became widespread in my lifetime. We are finally beginning to scientifically examine the impact of these techniques. I’ve summarized some of the most important recent studies below. These are some of the reasons that I am encouraging parents to take the Organic Lunchbox Challenge of giving their kids at least one serving of organic foods each day this year.
Background
We know that, at high enough levels, pesticides and other chemicals (such as mercury) found in food cause a variety of significant health problems in children, including cancer, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, genital abnormalities, and reproductive problems.
We know that the very problems caused by environmental chemicals are increasing in our society and in our children. We know that childhood brain cancer and leukemia have each increased by more than 50 percent since 1975. We know that autism diagnoses have increased 10 times since the 1980’s.
We know that children have higher exposures to pesticides and other chemicals than do adults, and that even at the same exposures, they are at higher risk.
We know that pesticides used to grow foods are actually getting into our children’s bodies.
We know that combinations of pesticides or other chemicals can increase the risks.
The addition of a new baby throws the family rhythm into a tailspin! Moms, dads, and siblings often feel their needs aren't being met. A new baby requires most of everyone's time and attention. Click here for Dr. Greene’s tips for scheduling breaks from the hubbub.
So should we be concerned about a little boy who wants to be called a girl...
I walked without crawling when I was a kid and I think my daughter is on the...
I'm sure you will check with the baby's pediatrician, but you can also check...
Does she have any friends or cousins who are potty trained? My daughter...