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Fast Fact
Trisomy 13 (also called Patau Syndrome) occurs in up to 1 out of 5,000 newborns (Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation, Saunders 1988).
The 13th chromosome contains blueprints that direct a baby's development in the early weeks following conception. When a child has an extra 13th chromosome (three copies, instead of two), as is the case in trisomy 13, the genetic messages are confused and contradictory. This results in multiple significant defects in major organ systems.
The brain is often the most severely affected. Most children with trisomy 13 also have some kind of heart defect. It's not unusual for these children to be born blind, deaf, and with no sense of smell. Children with trisomy 13 may also have abnormalities in the shape of their lips, eyes, ears, fingers, toes, and bones.
Trisomy 13 was first described in 1657, but four hundred fifty years of medical knowledge have not improved the outlook for children born with this syndrome.
Most babies who are conceived with trisomy 13 die early in gestation. Of the babies who live to be born, about 44 % die within the first month and 69% die by six months. Only 18 percent reach their first birthdays -- and these children tend to have severe mental defects and seizures (Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation, Saunders 1988).
A blood test, called the AFP (alphafetoprotein) or triple screen, may help a pregnant woman find out her baby’s risk of several diseases, including Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) and Trisomy 13, though it can not give a definite answer.
Trisomy 13 is often detectable on ultrasound as early as 10 weeks. Chorionic villous sampling can detect trisomy 13 by 12 weeks. Amniocentesis, usually performed after 16 weeks gestation, can give a definite answer if any question still remains.
A trisomy 13 translocation is not associated with mom's age, but is a hereditary chromosome problem. The risk of recurrence in some types of (balanced) translocations can be quite high.
I can't seem to get my infant to eat vegetables. Any helpful ideas?
San Carlos, California
If you drink coffee, you probably remember the first time you took a taste. It was horrible! How could anyone like that disgusting stuff! Many baby foods that we consider very bland have the same impact on children. Children have extremely sensitive taste buds. Their vision may have slightly soft focus, but their sense of taste and smell is much sharper than ours. When it comes to introducing new foods, breast fed babies have an advantage since the taste of mom's milk varies depending on what she has eaten. Formula fed babies get the exact same taste every time they drink a bottle, and the introduction of new foods can be particularly difficult for them.
It’s normal – even good – for a baby not to like a new vegetable the first several tries. On average it takes 6 to 10 tries during infancy to develop a preference for a new flavor (sometimes, some of these can happen through breast milk or even in the womb). Sadly, 94 percent of parents give up on a new vegetable before they get to 6 tries. Only 1 or 2 parents in a hundred will try 10 times (see Feeding Baby Green).
One way to get your infant to love any new food is to repeatedly expose them to the taste. You can accomplish this by using the new food for their first bite of solids each day for ten days straight. The first day, they may take one mouthful and spit it out. The second day, they may swallow the first mouthful, but may refuse any more of that food. The third and fourth days, they will probably take a few bites, but will undoubtedly want a food to which they are already accustomed. If you continue this pattern for ten consecutive days, most children will acquire a taste for the new food -- even vegetables!
Seeing you eat the same food makes it even more likely they will enjoy it. Mushing some vegetables you are eating (or you eating some of theirs – nonchalantly) can have real power. Don’t try to sell them on it; this just communicates the vegetable isn’t good. But they want to learn what you like to eat. Given a chance to share flavors with you as an infant, kids will learn your food culture in much the same way they learn your language.
Tip: While your child is in the process of learning to eat a new food, try scooping a small portion of it into a bowl and serving your child from the bowl. If you dip a "used" spoon into food, you can't store it for later use. Never force a child to eat more of a new food than they are ready for, but always be ready to scoop up more if they are still interested!
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