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Fast Fact

Pertussis is commonly known as whooping cough.
Pertussis is caused by bacteria that attach themselves to the cilia (little hairs) that line the respiratory tract. These bacteria produce a potent toxin that inflames the respiratory tract and that prevents the cilia from functioning properly.
The disease can be serious or fatal in infants and unimmunized children. It is much milder in teens, adults, and in immunized children - but still can be a real nuisance.
People with pertussis go through four stages:

Incubation. For 5 to 21 days after exposure (usually 7 to 10 days) there are no symptoms at all while the bacteria multiply.
Prodrome. For the next 1 to 2 weeks, pertussis is not unlike a cold. People have runny noses, sneezing, and perhaps a low-grade fever. A mild cough begins that gradually worsens.
Paroxysms. The worst part of the illness lasts from 1 to 6 weeks. Spasms or attacks of coughing may come up to 15 times per day. Sometimes, especially in children, the cough is followed by a "whoop" noise as they breathe in rapidly, attempting to get air. Even so, young infants will often turn blue with the spells from lack of oxygen. The mucus is often thick and sticky. Gagging, choking, and vomiting are common. Sometimes young infants will stop breathing for varying lengths of time. This stage of pertussis is much milder in adults, teens, older children, and immunized children.
Convalescence. As if this disease were not already long enough, the cough continues for another 2 to 4 weeks, but gradually becomes less severe and less frequent. Even after the cough seems finally over, the spasms often recur briefly for the next several months - especially during colds and during exertion.

Current lab tests to detect pertussis are either slow, cumbersome, not readily available, or often fail to pick up the disease.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention people are considered to have pertussis if they have a cough lasting for at least 14 days (with no other confirmed cause) and any one of the following symptoms (even if they have been immunized): Coughing spasms or fits (coughs comes in clusters), a whooping noise while breathing in, or vomiting caused by the cough.
The case is called confirmed pertussis if there is a positive lab test or if there has been exposure to someone with a positive lab test.
During a pertussis outbreak, anyone who has a cough lasting at least 14 days (with no other known cause) probably has pertussis, even in the absence of other specific symptoms.
Pertussis is treated with an antibiotic (Biaxin, erythromycin, Septra, or Zithromax). The antibiotic doesn't much affect the length of the illness, but is very effective at stopping its spread.
People with pertussis are highly contagious for up to 5 days after starting the antibiotic.
You or your child have been exposed if you spend a total of 5 hours in the same room with someone with the disease (over a week), or if you sit next to someone with pertussis for any length of time, or if you have any contact at all with infected mucus or saliva.
Between 70 and 100 percent of susceptible people will catch pertussis if they are exposed.
Currently, most adults and teens are susceptible because the protective effect of their childhood pertussis immunizations has waned. To address this problem, it is now recommended that all teens receive a booster vaccine at 11-18 years of age (preferably between 11-12 years).
Between 60 and 80 percent of infants are protected after the first 3 doses of vaccine, but this protection begins to disappear when they are toddlers. After the 4th immunization at 18 months old, 80 percent are protected for the next 3 to 4 years. The 5th dose, at kindergarten entry, protects them for another few years. A booster dose is recommended during the teen years to bolster immunity to pertussis.
People who have been exposed to probable or confirmed pertussis should either receive a course of preventative antibiotics (and I say this as someone strongly opposed to the overuse of antibiotics), or be kept home from daycare, school, or work for at least 3 weeks. If the exposed individual develops symptoms, they should receive antibiotics to prevent further spread of pertussis to others.
Children under age 7 who have been exposed should receive a pertussis vaccine, unless they have already had 4 doses of pertussis vaccine (and the last dose within 3 years), or unless there is a compelling reason not to immunize them. Exposed teens 11-18 years old who have not already received a booster vaccine should receive one.

see Fast Facts about Pertussis »

Spina Bifida

11.03.2002 Add new comment Send to friend Print this article

Related concepts:

Anencephaly, Encephalocele, Myelomeningocele, Neural tube defects

Introduction to spina bifida:

Before many women even realize that they are pregnant, their unborn baby’s neural tube has formed and closed at both ends. This tube will become the baby’s spinal cord.

What is spina bifida?

Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube does not form or close properly during the first days of development.

A myelomeningocele is a sac that protrudes from the spine. This sac contains spinal fluid, damaged nerve tissue, and meninges (the covering membranes of the spine).

An encephalocele is a similar sac protruding from the back at the top of the neural tube. This sac contains spinal fluid, meninges, and damaged brain tissue.

Anencephaly is the most severe of the neural tube defects. Most of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, fails to develop.

Spina bifida refers to the failure of the spinal bones to close properly in the area of the sac. This also happens early in development. It is possible to have spina bifida without a protruding sac (spina bifida occulta), but it is not possible to have a myelomeningocele without spina bifida.

Who gets spina bifida?

Spina bifida is one of the most common birth defects. It does tend to run in families, but environmental circumstances also come into play. Radiation, chemicals, and drugs (especially anti-seizure medicines) can all increase the risk of neural tube defects.

Inadequate intake of folic acid clearly increases the risk for neural tube defects.

What are the symptoms of spina bifida?

A newborn with spina bifida and a myelomeningocele will often look healthy and normal, except for the sac protruding from the back, usually at the base of the spine.

Most babies with spina bifida and myelomeningocele will develop other complications, including bowel and bladder problems, lower body muscle weakness or paralysis, decreased sensation, and hydrocephalus. Clubfeet, scoliosis, and congenital hip dislocations are more common in those with spina bifida. Developmental or learning problems are also common.

Infections, including urinary tract infections and meningitis, are more common in children with spina bifida.

Is spina bifida contagious?

How long does spina bifida last?

While the sac can be closed and repaired, the damage to the nerves is permanent. This leads to ongoing health problems.

How is spina bifida diagnosed?

Several forms of prenatal testing are available to look for neural tube defects.

After birth, the initial diagnosis may be made based on the physical exam. Additional imaging studies, such as CT scans, are often performed to further characterize the problem.

How is spina bifida treated?

Management of spina bifida requires a coordinated team effort. The team usually includes neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, urologists, pediatricians, physiatrists (rehab specialists), physical and occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers.

The initial treatment includes surgical repair of the protruding sac.

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