Diphtheria is a very serious bacterial disease that can make a person unable to breathe, cause paralysis, or even heart failure.
About 10% of the people who get diphtheria die from it. Before the DPT shot was introduced, 17,000 children died in a single year in the United States alone in a diphtheria epidemic.
Over the last several years, only a very few cases of diphtheria have been reported in the United States. In 1988 there were zero cases. This is primarily because most children have had shots to protect them.
Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is caused by a bacterium that is common in the soil. When this germ gets into an open cut or wound, an unprotected person can contract tetanus, which creates serious muscle spasms that can be strong enough to snap the spine.
Even with modern medical care, about 30% of the people who get tetanus die from the disease.
Tetanus was once very widespread, but since 1975 only 50 to 100 cases have been reported each year in the United States.
Pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, can either be a very mild or a very serious disease. It is extremely contagious. It causes repeated spells of coughing that can make it difficult to eat, drink, or breathe.
The number of pertussis cases has climbed in recent years. In 2004, there were 25,827 reported cases.
In most adults, pertussis is very mild. Almost 20% of all adults with chronic coughs may have pertussis that they mistake for allergies or a cold.
In young children it is more severe. It causes repeated spells of coughing that can make it difficult to eat, drink, or breathe.
Babies under 1 year old are most affected. About 1 out of every 200 babies who get pertussis will die of it. Another 1 out of every 200 will have lifetime brain damage. As many as 2% will have seizures, 22% will get pneumonia, and many (even in this modern era of reduced hospitalization) will be sick enough to be hospitalized.
Moderate reactions to the DTaP vaccine occur in 0.1% or less of children and include ongoing crying (for three hours or more), a high fever (up to 105 degrees F), and an unusual, high-pitched crying.
Less than 0.06% of children will have a febrile seizure or a period of shock-collapse, where they become pale and limp for a short period. While these side effects are certainly disturbing, all of the above problems are temporary and have never been demonstrated to create a long-term problem of any kind.
Severe problems from the DTaP immunization happen very rarely (less than 1 in a million doses or less than 0.0001%). These include a serious allergic reaction, a prolonged seizure, a decrease in consciousness, lasting brain disease, or even death.
Major epidemiological studies looking at neurologic risks related to immunization have been unable to demonstrate a causal relationship between DPT and any severe, chronic neurologic disorder.
Many of the reactions to the older DPT (or DTP) injection were from the pertussis component. Children in the United States now receive the newer DTaP vaccine rather than the older DPT vaccine. The DTaP vaccine is a newer and safer vaccine because the pertussis component has been changed.
I have a 9 month old boy, who weighs 24 lb. 6 oz. and is 31 in. long. Do you think that it is safe for him to be in a walker?
Traci Rectenwald - Administrative Assistant - Research Beaufort, South Carolina
Children between 6 and 12 months old have a powerful urge to move across the floor. When they are placed in baby walkers, most of them squeal with delight, and are happily entertained for hours on end. I can still remember the expression of sheer ecstasy on my first son's face as he moved across the floor in his walker.
We want our children to be happy. Often their delight is a good measure of what they need -- but sometimes it can lead us astray. Sometimes short-term delight can lead to unfortunate long-term consequences. Children can't think of the future. As parents, part of our role is to do that for them. With each new choice, consider what this teaches your son, how this will affect your son, what are the implications for your son -- over the long haul.
Since the days when my first son was an infant, we have learned that walkers are detrimental to normal development. Because the babies can get around too easily, their urge to move across the floor is satisfied, and many of them will not undertake the important task of crawling, creeping, scooting, or hitching. This stage is important for developing strength and coordination.
Many parents think that walkers will help children learn to walk. As it turns out, walkers interfere with learning to walk. In addition to decreasing the desire to walk by providing an easier alternative, walkers strengthen the wrong muscles. The lower legs are strengthened, but the upper legs and hips become relatively weak. The upper legs and hips are most important for walking.
Moreover, children in walkers have more accidents than their counterparts. Walkers often tip over when a child bumps into a small toy or the edge of a rug. They are also more likely to take a dangerous fall down a flight of stairs.
Along with The American Academy of Pediatrics, I strongly urge parents not to use baby walkers.
For children who want to be upright, an exersaucer can be a nice alternative. These look like walkers, but without the wheels. They allow children to bounce, rock, spin, and sit upright -- without satisfying the urge to move across the floor. They are safe and developmentally appropriate.
Your son might like a sturdy push-car or wagon. These might look like lawnmowers, vacuum cleaners, cars, fire engines, trucks or wagons. Be sure it has a bar he can push, and is sturdy so it won't tip over. These will help a child strengthen the right muscles and learn to walk -- but you still have to be very careful about stairs.
When your son gets a little older, and has been walking long enough to be able to squat and stand back up without falling, he will be delighted by push and pull toys -- especially the ones that make lots of noise. These add sparkle to his developmentally appropriate tasks.
With practice, you can learn to choose toys that delight your son while helping him learn what he needs -- instead of short circuiting the process by providing easy, numbing entertainment. We'll all make mistakes along the way, but the process itself will enrich us and our children.
To find clues as to the best toys, turn off the TV, put away the passive-play toys, and watch your child. Many kids will begin to play spontaneously, using whatever is at hand; take note of what they choose to play with. Click here for more tips on toys for two-year-olds.
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