Related concepts:

Variola

Introduction to smallpox:

Smallpox long reigned as the king of dreaded contagious diseases. It killed more people than any other virus in recorded history -- about 500 million people in the 20th century alone. For about 20 years, smallpox seemed to have vanished, no longer haunting the dreams of most people. Many had never even heard of it. Unfortunately, terrorist’s suicidal viciousness and new biological attacks have brought the threat of smallpox back to the future.

What is smallpox?

Smallpox is one of the classic childhood viral illnesses. The first written descriptions of smallpox are from early China where it was described as a disease from the west. Even before that, smallpox left physical evidence -- it has been found in ancient Egyptian mummies. The disease later spread as part of the great Islamic expansion across North Africa and into Spain. The ill-fated travel of the Crusades then brought it to the rest of Europe where for many generations it caused about 10 percent of all deaths every year.

European explorers then brought it to the American colonies, where epidemics were devastating to colonists – but especially to Native Americans. Smallpox-contaminated blankets may have been given to natives as intentional acts of biological warfare. Later, George Washington believed that British troops intentionally infected colonial forces with smallpox.

Eventually, almost everyone on earth got smallpox. This airborne disease was so contagious that it became a standard feature of life on our planet. Most people recovered, but the overall mortality rate when infected was 1 to 30 percent -- and even higher during some epidemics.

Today we are living in a New World, not unlike the one discovered by the European explorers. We live in a world with little immunity to smallpox, and where people might be inhumane enough to intentionally spread it. Though smallpox would still be wildly contagious -- spreading without discrimination across national borders -- there is hope.

Who gets smallpox?

In 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) began an intense campaign to eradicate smallpox from the planet through quarantine and vaccination. People all over the world lined up to get the shot on their upper left arm. All known contacts of people with smallpox were vaccinated or revaccinated immediately, and quarantined if they developed a fever within the next 17 days.

The last case of wild smallpox occurred in 1977. The last reported case of non-wild smallpox infection occurred in 1978 when two people contracted the disease after exposure to the virus in a lab.

What are the symptoms of smallpox?

People with the illness got sick suddenly, with a high fever, headache, and marked fatigue. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, back pain, and muscle pains were also common. A few days later, pox (which looked like “pearls of pus”) appeared – mostly on the face and legs – and the fever fell. The pox usually lasted 10 or 12 days, with the fever often returning. (Red Book 1(591), 2006)

Is smallpox contagious?

Wildly.

How long does smallpox last?

Symptoms usually develop 7 to 17 days after exposure. The illness then usually lasts about 2 weeks.